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It is an environmental treaty under the aegis of the United Nations Environment Programme; CMS provides a global platform for the conservation and sustainable use of migratory animals and their habitats. CMS brings together the States through which migratory animals pass, the Range States, and lays the legal foundation for internationally coordinated conservation measures throughout a migratory range. Migratory species threatened with extinction are listed on Appendix I of the Convention. CMS Parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. Migratory species that need or would significantly benefit from international co-operation are listed in Appendix II of the Convention. For this reason, the Convention encourages the Range States to conclude global or regional agreements. In this respect, CMS acts as a framework Convention.

The ACCOBAMS (Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area) is a cooperative tool for the conservation of marine biodiversity in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Its purpose is to reduce threats to cetaceans in Mediterranean and Black Sea waters and improve our knowledge of these animals. ACCOBAMS is the first Agreement binding the countries in these two sub regions and enabling them to work together on a matter of general interest.

The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, called the Ramsar Convention, is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. The Ramsar Convention is the only global environmental treaty that deals with a particular ecosystem. The treaty was adopted in the Iranian city of Ramsar in 1971 and the Convention member countries cover all geographic regions of the planet. The Convention mission is “the conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local and national actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world”. The Convention uses a broad definition of the types of wetlands covered in its mission, including lakes and rivers, swamps and marshes, wet grasslands and peatlands, oases, estuaries, deltas and tidal flats, near-shore marine areas, mangroves and coral reefs, and human-made sites such as fish ponds, rice paddies, reservoirs, and salt pans.

The objectives of this Convention, to be pursued in accordance with its relevant provisions, are the conservation of biological diversity. the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding. The conservation of biodiversity is a common concern of humankind. The agreement covers biodiversity at all levels: ecosystems, species and genetic resources. And also covers biotechnology, through the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.

It is an intergovernmental treaty dedicated to the conservation of migratory waterbirds and their habitats across Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, Greenland and the Canadian Archipelago. Developed under the framework of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) and administered by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), AEWA brings together countries and the wider international conservation community in an effort to establish coordinated conservation and management of migratory waterbirds throughout their entire migratory range. AEWA covers 255 species of birds ecologically dependent on wetlands for at least part of their annual cycle. All AEWA species cross international boundaries during their migrations and require good quality habitat for breeding as well as a network of suitable sites to support their annual journeys.

It is an international treaty governing the movements of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology from one country to another. It was adopted on 29 January 2000 as a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity and entered into force on 11 September 2003. On 29 January 2000, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted a supplementary agreement to the Convention known as the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. The Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology. It establishes an advance informed agreement (AIA) procedure for ensuring that countries are provided with the information necessary to make informed decisions before agreeing to the import of such organisms into their territory. The Protocol contains reference to a precautionary approach and reaffirms the precaution language in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. The Protocol also establishes a Biosafety Clearing-House to facilitate the exchange of information on living modified organisms and to assist countries in the implementation of the Protocol.

The objective of this Protocol is the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding, thereby contributing to the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its components. The fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from utilization of genetic resources remains one of the three objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

The Regional Convention for the Conservation of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1982 (The Jeddah Convention), under the auspices of ALECSO, sets out the terms of regional cooperation among the signatory parties in regards to marine and coastal environmental protection. It specifically priorities the need for collaboration in the control of marine pollution, scientific and technical assistance, environmental management and the development of environmental standards. There are four protocols related to this convention: 1. Protocol Concerning Regional Cooperation in Combating Pollution by Oil and Other Harmful Substances in Cases of Emergency, 1982: This Protocol accounts for the threat of oil spills and the emergency actions that are needed as a result. It priorities the need for cooperative and effective measures to deal with such emergencies and enhanced response mechanisms in order to protect the regional marine environment from adverse oil spill effects. 2. Protocol Concerning the Conservation of Biological Diversity and the Establishment of Network of Protected Areas in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, 2005: This protocol addresses the rising threats from land-based sources of pollution (such as sewage, industrial effluents etc) to both the marine environment and human health. The Protocol responds to emerging LBA issues from recent global summits and aligns itself with the articles contained in section 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), as well as the UNEP-GPA goals. Furthermore, PERSGA’s maturing ICZM work in its Member States potentially lays a solid foundation for addressing the national-regional character of LBA activities in terms of land-based pollution affecting the marine environment. 3. Protocol Concerning the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, 2005: This protocol recognizes the interconnected nature of marine ecosystems and the usefulness of MPAs for helping to sustain healthy populations of important species. The Protocol was prepared in cooperation with ROPME and the GCC, with EU support, and was created with the aim to complement existing international treaties, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity. 4. Protocol Concerning the Exchange of Personnel and Equipment in Case of Marine Emergency, 2009.

In 1975, 16 Mediterranean countries and the European Community adopted the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP), the first-ever Regional Seas Programme under UNEP umbrella. In 1976 these Parties adopted the Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution (Barcelona Convention). Seven Protocols addressing specific aspects of Mediterranean environmental conservation complete the MAP legal framework: 1. Protocol Concerning Cooperation in Preventing Pollution from Ships and, in Cases of Emergency, Combating Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea (Prevention and Emergency Protocol) 2. Protocol on the Prevention of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Hazardous Wastes Protocol) 3. Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution Resulting from Exploration and Exploitation of the Continental Shelf and the Seabed and its Subsoil (Offshore Protocol) 4. Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution from Land-Based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) 5. Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (SPA and Biodiversity Protocol) 6. Protocol for the Prevention and Elimination of Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft or Incineration at Sea (Dumping Protocol) 7. Protocol on Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the Mediterranean (ICZM Protocol) The Convention main objectives are: • to assess and control marine pollution • to ensure sustainable management of natural marine and coastal resources; • to integrate the environment in social and economic development; • to protect the marine environment and coastal zones through prevention and reduction of pollution, and as far as possible, elimination of pollution, whether land or sea-based; • to protect the natural and cultural heritage; • to strengthen solidarity among Mediterranean coastal States; • to contribute to improvement of the quality of life.

The overarching objective of the Basel Convention is to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects of hazardous wastes. Its scope of application covers a wide range of wastes defined as “hazardous wastes” based on their origin and/or composition and their characteristics, as well as two types of wastes defined as “other wastes” – household waste and incinerator ash. The provisions of the Convention center around the following principal aims: • the reduction of hazardous waste generation and the promotion of environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes, wherever the place of disposal; • the restriction of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes except where it is perceived to be in accordance with the principles of environmentally sound management; • a regulatory system applying to cases where transboundary movements are permissible. The Convention also provides for the establishment of regional or sub-regional centers for training and technology transfers regarding the management of hazardous wastes and other wastes and the minimization of their generation to cater to the specific needs of different regions and subregions. Centers have been established to carry out training and capacity building activities in the regions.

The Bamako Convention is a treaty of African nations prohibiting the import into Africa of any hazardous (including radioactive) waste. The Bamako convention is a response to Article 11 of the Basel convention which encourages parties to enter into bilateral, multilateral and regional agreements on Hazardous Waste to help achieve the objectives of the convention. The impetus for the Bamako convention arose also from: – The failure of the Basel Convention to prohibit trade of hazardous waste to less developed countries (LDCs); – The realization that many developed nations were exporting toxic wastes to Africa . SPECIFICITY The Bamako convention uses a format and language similar to that of the Basel convention, but: – Is much stronger in prohibiting all imports of hazardous waste. – It does not make exceptions on certain hazardous wastes (like those for radioactive materials) made by the Basel convention. PURPOSE OF THE CONVENTION – Prohibit the import of all hazardous and radioactive wastes into the African continent for any reason; – Minimize and control transboundary movements of hazardous wastes within the African continent. – Prohibit all ocean and inland water dumping or incineration of hazardous wastes. – Ensure that disposal of wastes is conducted in an “environmentally sound manner “. – Promote cleaner production over the pursuit of a permissible emissions approach based on assimilative capacity assumptions – Establish the precautionary principle.

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife, and have harmful impacts on human health or on the environment. Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) can lead to serious health effects including certain cancers, birth defects, dysfunctional immune and reproductive systems, greater susceptibility to disease and damages to the central and peripheral nervous systems. Main Objectives: • Prohibit and/or eliminate the production and use, as well as the import and export, of the intentionally produced POPs that are listed in Annex A to the Convention (Article 3) • Restrict the production and use, as well as the import and export, of the intentionally produced POPs that are listed in Annex B to the Convention (Article 3) • Reduce or eliminate releases from unintentionally produced POPs that are listed in Annex C to the Convention (Article ) • Ensure that stockpiles and wastes consisting of, containing or contaminated with POPs are managed safely and in an environmentally sound manner (Article 6)

The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is often called a framework convention, because it served as a framework for efforts to protect the globe’s ozone layer. The objectives of the Convention were for Parties to promote cooperation by means of systematic observations, research and information exchange on the effects of human activities on the ozone layer and to adopt legislative or administrative measures against activities likely to have adverse effects on the ozone layer. The Vienna Convention did not require countries to take concrete actions to control ozone depleting substances. Instead, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention, the countries of the world agreed the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer under the Convention to advance that goal.

This Protocol was designed to reduce the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances in order to reduce their abundance in the atmosphere, and thereby protect the earth’s fragile ozone Layer. For the chemicals specified by the protocol, Parties should adjust the rates of consumption and annual production of those chemicals and comparing the quantities specified on the national level in order to minimize and reduce production and consumption by a specific time (varies depending on the type of chemical and depending on the different nature of the states parties in terms of being developed or developing). And prohibits parties trading of (ODS) with non-States Parties to the Convention. The Montreal Protocol includes a unique adjustment provision that enables the Parties to the Protocol to respond quickly to new scientific information and agree to accelerate the reductions required on chemicals already covered by the Protocol. These adjustments are then automatically applicable to all countries that ratified the Protocol. The Parties to the Montreal Protocol have amended the Protocol to enable, among other things, the control of new chemicals and the creation of a financial mechanism to enable developing countries to comply. These amendments are: London Amendment (1990), Copenhagen Amendment (1992), Montreal Amendment (1997) and the Beijing Amendment (1999).

The ultimate objective of this Convention and any related legal instruments that the Conference of the Parties may adopt is to achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.

The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits its Parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets. Kyoto Protocol states legal obligations to reduce emissions of four greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and sulfur hexafluoride), and two groups of gases (HFCs, PFCs (perfluorocarbon)) produced by industrialized nations “Annex I”, It also provides general commitments for all member countries. Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, the Protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities.”

At COP 21 in Paris, Parties to the UNFCCC reached a historic agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate and intensify the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future. The Paris Agreement requires all Parties to put forward their best efforts through nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and to strengthen these efforts in the years ahead. This Agreement, in enhancing the implementation of the Convention, including its objective, aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including by: 1. Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; 2. Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; and 3. Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development. This Agreement will be implemented to reflect equity and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.

Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs

LAW NUMBER 4 of 1994*

Promulgating

THE ENVIRONMENT LAW

Amended By Law No. 9 for 2009

 

* In case of difference of interpretation, the Arabic text will prevail

 

LAW NUMBER 4 of 1994

Promulgating

THE ENVIRONMENT LAW

EGYPT

 

law number 4 OF 1994

pROMULGATING the environment law[1]

 

In the name of the People

The President of the Republic

The People’s Assembly has ratified the following law which we have sanctioned and promulgated:

 

ARTICLE (1)

WITHOUT PREJUDICE TO THE RULES AND PROVISIONS SET FORTH IN SPECIAL LAWS, THE PROVISIONS OF THE ATTACHED LAW SHALL APPLY IN RESPECT OF THE ENVIRONMENT.

 

ESTABLISHMENTS EXISTING AT THE TIME OF THE ENACTMENT OF THIS LAW ARE HELD TO ADJUST THEIR STATUS IN LINE WITH ITS PROVISIONS WITHIN THREE YEARS FROM THE DATE OF PUBLICATION OF ITS EXECUTIVE REGULATIONS, WITHOUT PREJUDICE TO THE APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF LAW 48/1982 CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE RIVER NILE AND WATERWAYS FROM POLLUTION.

 

THE CABINET MAY, ON THE BASIS OF A PROPOSAL BY THE MINISTER IN CHARGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS, EXTEND THIS GRACE PERIOD FOR NO MORE THAN TWO YEARS, IF NECESSARY AND IF THE CABINET IS SATISFIED THAT SERIOUS PROCEDURES HAVE BEEN TAKEN TO PUT PROVISIONS OF THE ATTACHED LAW INTO FORCE .

 

article (2)

THE PRIME MINISTER SHALL, ON THE BASIS OF A PROPOSAL BY THE MINISTER IN CHARGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS AFTER CONSULTING THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS AGENCY([2]),ISSUE THE EXECUTIVE REGULATIONS OF THE ATTACHED LAW WITHIN SIX MONTHS FROM THE DATE ON WHICH IT COMES INTO FORCE.

 

THE MINISTERS SHALL, EACH IN HIS RESPECTIVE AREA OF COMPETENCE, ISSUE THE RATES AND PERCENTAGES REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT THE PROVISIONS OF PART II OF THE ATTACHED LAW, WITHOUT PREJUDICE TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE (5), WITHIN THE PERIOD MENTIONED IN THE PREVIOUS PARAGRAPH.

 

ARTICLE (3)

 

LAW 72 OF 1968 CONCERNING THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION OF SEA WATER BY OIL IS HEREBY REPEALED, AS ARE ALL OTHER PROVISIONS RUNNING COUNTER TO THE PROVISIONS OF THE ATTACHED LAW.

 

ARTICLE (4)

THIS LAW SHALL BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE AND SHALL COME INTO FORCE ON THE DAY FOLLOWING THE DATE OF ITS PUBLICATION.

THIS LAW SHALL BE STAMPED WITH THE SEAL OF STATE AND ENFORCED AS A LAW OF THE STATE.

ISSUED AT THE PRESIDENCY OF THE REPUBLIC ON 15 SHAABAN HEJIRA YEAR 1414 (CORRESPONDING TO 27 JANUARY, 1994).

Signed by

“hosny mobarak

LAW NUMBER 4 of 1994

Promulgating

THE ENVIRONMENT LAW

Amended By Law No. 9 for 2009

 

EGYPT

Table of Contents

 

PRELIMINARY PART  
      CHAPTER ONE:             General Provisions (ARTICLE1)…………………………….. 2
      CHAPTER TWO:             Environmental Affairs Agency (ARTICLES 2 to 13 Bis). 9
      CHAPTER THREE:        Environmental Protection Fund (ARTICLES 14 to 16).. 15
      CHAPTER FOUR:           Incentives (ARTICLES 17to 18)……………………………….

 

 17
PART ONE:                           PROTECTION OF LAND ENVIRONMENT FROM                                                POLLUTION  
      CHAPTER ONE:             Development and Environment (ARTICLES 19 to 28) . 17
      CHAPTER TWO:            Hazardous Material and Waste (ARTICLES 29 to 33)..

 

 21
PART TWO:                          PROTECTION OF AIR ENVIRONMENT FROM                                                POLLUTION (ARTICLES 34  to  47 Bis-1) ………………..

 

  

22
PART three:                      protection of water environment from                                                pollution  
      CHAPTER ONE:             POLLUTION FROM SHIPS (ARTICLES 48 to 68) ……. 27
SECTION ONE:         Oil Pollution (ARTICLES 48 to 59)…………………………… 27
SECTION TWO:        Pollution By Harmful Substances (ARTICLES 60 to 65) 31
SECTION THREE:    Pollution from Sewage and Garbage                                                 (ARTICLES 66 to 68) …………………………………………….. 32
CHAPTER TWO:       POLLUTION FROM LAND BASED SOURCES                                          (ARTICLES 69 to 75)……………………………………………… 32
CHAPTER THREE:         INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATES                                                         (ARTICLES 76 to 77)……………………………………………… 34
CHAPTER FOUR:          ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES                                          (ARTICLES 78 to 83 Bis)…………………………………………

 

  

35
PART FOUR:  PENALTIES (ARTICLES 84  to 101)……………………………………………

 

 37
FINAL PROVISIONS            (ARTICLES 102 to 104) …………………………………………. 43

 

PRELIMINARY PART

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1:

 

In the application of the provisions of this Law, the following words and expressions shall have the meanings hereby assigned to them:

 

  1. Environment:

The biosphere which encompasses living organisms together with the substances it contains and the air, water and soil that surround it, as well as the establishments set up by man.

 

  1. Air:

The mixture of gases constituting air in its known percentages and natural properties, and in the provisions of this Law, it is the ambient air, air within the work places, and air in closed or semi-closed public places.

 

  1. The Convention:

The International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships (1973-1978), and international conventions, to which the Arab Republic of Egypt adheres, in the area of the protection of the marine environment from pollution and compensation for pollution accidents.

 

  1. Public Place:

A place equipped to receive people or a specific category of people for any purpose.

 

  1. Closed Public Place:

A public place which is in the form of an integrated building that receives no incoming air except from designated inlets. Vehicles for public transport are considered closed public places.

 

  1. Semi-closed Public Place:

A public place which is in the form of a non-integrated building with direct access to the ambient air and which cannot be completely closed.

 

  1. Environmental Pollution[3]:

Any change in environmental properties that leads directly or indirectly to undermining man’s health, negatively impacting his ability to lead a normal life, or harming natural habitats, living organisms or biological diversity.

 

  1. Environmental Degradation:

Effect on the environment that reduces its value, or changes its nature, depletes its resources or harms living organisms or monuments.

 

  1. Environmental Protection:

Protecting and promoting the components of the environment and preventing or reducing their degradation or pollution. These components encompass air, seas, internal waters, including the river Nile, lakes and subterranean water, land, natural protectorates, and other natural resources.

 

  1. Air Pollution[4]:

Any change in the properties and specifications of the natural air that results in hazards to human health or to the environment, whether resulting from natural factors or human activities, including noise and offensive odors.

 

  1. Rapid Transport Vehicles:

Motor cars, tractors, motorcycles and other machines designed for use on public roads.

 

  1. Water Pollution:

The introduction of any substance or energy into the water environment, whether intentionally or unintentionally, directly or indirectly, which causes damage to living or non-living resources, poses a threat to human health or hinders water activities, fishing and tourist activities or impairs the quality of sea water so as to render it unfit for use, diminish the enjoyment thereof or alter its properties.

 

  1. Polluting Substances and Factors:

Any solid, liquid or gaseous substances, noise, radiation, heat, or vibrations arising from acts of man that lead directly or indirectly to environmental pollution or degradation.

 

  1. Water Polluting Substances:

Any substance whose discharge into the water environment, intentionally or unintentionally, leads to a change in its properties, or contributes to such change directly or indirectly to an extent that can harm man, natural resources, sea water or marine tourist areas, or which interferes with other legitimate uses of the sea. These substances include:

 

A-        Oil or oily mixtures.

 

B-        Harmful and dangerous wastes as determined in the international conventions to which the Arab Republic of Egypt adheres.

 

C-        Any other substance (solid, liquid or gaseous) as determined in the executive regulations of this law.

 

D-        Untreated industrial waste or effluents from industrial establishments.

 

E-        Toxic military containers.

 

F-        Substances listed in the Convention and its annexes.

 

  1. Oil:

Crude oil and its products in all forms, including any kind of liquid hydrocarbons, lubricating oil, fuel oil, refined oil, furnace oil, tar and other petroleum derivatives or waste.

 

  1. Oily Mixtures:

Any mixture containing oil in a ratio of more than 15: 1,000,000.

 

  1. Unclean Balancing Water (Unclean Ballast Water):

Water in ship-borne tanks if its oil content is greater than 15:1,000,000.

 

  1. Hazardous Substances:

Substances having dangerous properties which are hazardous to human health or which adversely affect the environment, such as contagious, toxic, explosive or flammable substances or those with ionizing radiation.

 

  1. Hazardous Waste:

Waste of activities and processes or its ashes which retain the properties of hazardous substances and have no subsequent original or alternative uses, like clinical waste from medical treatments or the waste resulting from the manufacture of any pharmaceutical products, drugs, organic solvents, printing fluid, dyes and painting materials.

 

  1. Substance Handling:

Anything that leads to the displacement of substances for the purpose of assembling, transporting, storing, treating, or using them.

 

  1. Waste Management:

Collecting, transporting, recycling and disposing of waste.

 

  1. Waste Disposal:

Processes which do not extract or recycle waste such as composting, deep subterranean injection, discharge to surface water, biological treatment, physio-chemical treatment, permanent storage or incineration.

 

  1. Waste Recycling:

Processes which allow the extraction or recycling of waste, such as using it as fuel, or extracting metals and organic materials or soil treatment or oil re-refining.

 

  1. Liquid Substances Harmful to the Water Environment:

The substances listed in the International Convention of 1973/1978.

 

  1. Reception Facilities:

      Installations, equipment and basins designed to receive, filter, treat and dispose of contaminated substances or ballast water, as well as installations provided by companies working in the field of shipping and unloading petroleum products; or other administrative agencies supervising ports and waterways.

 

  1. Discharge[5]:

Any leakage, effluence, emission, draining or disposal of any kind of pollutants into the river Nile, watercourses, territorial waters, or the exclusive economic zone, or the sea; taking into consideration the limits and pollutants loads determining certain substances pursuant to the executive regulation of this law, and what is determined by the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA in coordination with relevant authorities without violating the rules of this law and its executive regulation.

 

  1. Dumping:

A-  Any deliberate disposal of polluting substances or waste from ships, planes, platforms or other industrial establishments and land-based sources into the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone or the sea.

 

  • Any deliberate dumping by ships or industrial or other establishments into the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone or the sea.

 

Taking into consideration provisions of International Conventions to which the Arab Republic of Egypt is party thereto; placing any substances such as cables, pipes, instruments of scientific research and monitoring and other devices in the sea for purposes other than disposing of them, shall not be considered dumping[6].

 

 

  1. Compensation:

Means compensation for all kinds of damage resulting from pollution incidents caused by violating laws and international conventions which Arab Republic of Egypt is a party thereto, from pollution incidents involving toxic and any other harmful substances, as well as pollution resulting from air pollution, collision and keeling of ships or arising during their loading or unloading, or caused by any other accidents. Compensation includes making up for environmental and traditional damage, as well as costs of restoring matters to their original state or remedying the environment[7].

  1. Means of Oil Transport:

Every pipeline used in transporting oil and any other equipment used in loading, unloading or transporting oil, as well as pumps or other equipment required for the use of these pipes.

 

  1. Ship:

      Any floating marine vessel of any type, vessels which move over hydrofoil cushions or underwater establishments. Also, any fixed or mobile establishment constructed along the coasts or on surface water for the purpose of conducting commercial, industrial, touristic or scientific activities

 

  1. War Ship:

Any ship that belongs to the armed forces of a state, carrying its distinct external insignia, under the command of an officer officially appointed by the government of such state and operated by a crew governed by the rules of military discipline of that state.

 

  1. Government Ship:

A ship owned by the state and operated or used for governmental and non-commercial purposes.

 

  1. Harmful Materials Carrier:

A ship constructed originally or redesigned for the purpose of carrying cargoes of harmful liquid substances in bulk, including oil tankers when fully or partially loaded with harmful liquid substances not packed in accordance with the provisions stated in Chapter One, Part Three of this Law.

 

  1. 34. Establishment:

Establishment means the following:

 

–     Industrial establishments subject to the provisions of Law No. 21 of 1958 and Law No. 55 of 1977.

 

–     Tourist establishments subject to the provisions of Law No. 1 of 1973 and Law No. 1 of 1992.

 

–     Establishments used for electrical power generation and production which are under the provisions of laws Nos. 145/1948, 63/1974, 12/1976, 13/1976, 27/1976, and 103/1986.

 

–     Mines, quarries and establishments operating in the field of oil exploration, drilling, transportation and usage which are subject to the provisions of laws Nos. 66/1953, 86/1956, 61/1958 and 4/1988.

–     All infrastructure projects.

 

–     Any other establishment, activity or project which may have a noticeable impact on the environment. These shall be determined by a decision issued by the Environmental Affairs Agency in agreement with the competent administrative authority.

 

  1. Environmental Monitoring Networks:

Agencies which undertake, within their spheres of competence and through their stations and work units, to monitor the components and pollutants of the environment and relay their results and data to the competent authorities periodically.

 

  1. Environmental Impact Assessment:

Studying and analyzing the environmental feasibility of proposed projects, whose construction or activities might affect the safety of the environment in order to protect it.

 

  1. Environmental Disaster:

An accident resulting from natural factors or human action which causes severe damage to the environment and requires resources beyond the local means.

 

  1. The competent Administrative Agency Concerned with the Protection of the Water Environment:

Any of the following agencies, each within its field of competence:

A-  The Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA)

B-  The Egyptian Authority for Maritime Safety[8].

C-  The Suez Canal Authority.

D-  Port Authorities in ARE.

E-  The General Egyptian Organization for the Protection of the Coast.

F-  Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation. (EGPC).

G- General Department of Surface Water Police.

H-  Tourism Development Authority.

I-    Other agencies designated by a Prime Ministerial Decree.

 

  1. Coastal zone[9]:

The area extending from the coasts of Arab Republic of Egypt encompasses the territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, and extending landward to areas of active interactions with the marine environment for that not exceeding 30 km in the desert areas, unless major topographical features interrupt this stretch, while in Nile Delta would extend up and contour (+3m).

Each of the coastal governorates shall define their coastal zone according to its physical conditions and environmental resources, not in any case less than “10 km” landward from coast line.

 

  1. The Integrated Environmental Management of Costal Zones[10]:

A method based on the participation of all relevant authorities to coordinate among each other to ensure the environment protection in coastal zones.

 

CHAPTER TWO

THE ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS AGENCY

 

Article 2:

An agency for the protection and promotion of the environment shall be established within the cabinet premiership under the name the “Environmental Affairs Agency”. The Agency shall have a public juridical personality and shall be affiliated to the competent Minister for Environmental Affairs. It shall have an independent budget and its head office shall be located in Cairo. The Minister for Environmental Affairs may establish branches for the Agency in the governorates by ministerial decree, priority to be given to industrial areas.

 

Article 3:

The chairman of the Agency shall be appointed on the basis of the nomination of the Minister for Environmental Affairs and the proposal of the Prime Minister. His appointment shall be effected by a presidential decree which shall include his financial remuneration

 

Article 4:

The Environmental Affairs Agency shall replace the agency established by Presidential Decree 631 of 1982 in all its rights and obligations, and the employees of the said agency shall be transferred with their grades and seniority to the Environmental Affairs Agency.

 

Article 5:

The Agency shall formulate the general policy and lay down the necessary plans for the protection and promotion of the environment and follow up the implementation of such plans in coordination with the competent administrative authorities. The Agency shall have the authority to implement some pilot projects.

 

The Agency shall be the national authority responsible for strengthening environmental relations between the ARE and other countries and regional and international organizations. The Agency shall recommend taking the necessary legal procedures to adhere to regional and international conventions related to the environment and prepare the necessary draft laws and decrees required for the implementation of such conventions.

 

For the fulfillment of its objects, the Agency may:

 

–           Prepare draft laws and decrees related to the fulfillment of its objects and express its opinion on proposed legislation related to the protection of the environment.

 

–           Prepare studies on the state of the environment, formulate the national plan with the projects included for the protection of the environment, prepare the estimated budgets for each as well as environmental maps of urban areas and areas to be developed and lay down the criteria to be observed when planning and developing new areas as well as the criteria targeted for old areas.

 

–           Lay down the criteria and conditions which owners of projects and establishments must observe before the start of construction and during the operation of these projects.

 

–           Draw up a comprehensive list of national institutions and organizations as well as of qualified individuals who could contribute in the preparation and execution of environmental protection programmes and could be made use of in preparing and implementing the projects and studies undertaken by the Agency.

 

–           Conduct field follow-up of compliance with the criteria and conditions that are binding to agencies and establishments and take the procedures prescribed by law against those who violate such criteria and conditions.

 

–           Determining and ensuring abidance by standards, percentages and pollutants loads[11].

–           Gather national and international information on the environmental situation and the changes affecting it on a periodical basis in cooperation with the information centers of other agencies, publish such information and evaluate and utilize it in environmental management and planning.

 

–           Lay down the principles and procedures for assessing the environmental effects of projects.

 

–           Prepare an environmental contingency plan in the manner stated in article 25 of this Law and coordinate with the competent bodies in the preparation of programs to face environmental disasters.

 

–           Lay down a plan for environmental training and supervise its implementation.

 

–           Participate in the preparation and implementation of the national program for environmental monitoring and make use of the data provided thereby.

 

–           Compile and publish periodic reports on the main environmental indicators.

 

–           Prepare programs for the environmental education of the public and assist in their implementation.

 

–           Coordinate with other competent authorities in connection with regulating and setting safety standards for the conveyance of hazardous materials.

 

–           Administer and supervise natural protectorates.

 

–           Prepare the draft budgets required for the protection and promotion of the environment.

 

–           Follow up the implementation of international and regional conventions related to the environment.

 

–           Propose economic mechanisms to encourage different activities and procedures for the prevention of pollution.

 

–           Implement pilot projects for the preservation of natural resources and the protection of the environment from pollution.

 

–           Coordinate with the Ministry for International Cooperation to ensure that projects funded by donor organizations and countries are in line with environmental safety considerations.

 

–           Participate in laying down a plan to protect the country from leakages of hazardous substances and waste causing environmental pollution.

 

–           Drafting a strategy for integrated environmental management for coastal zones[12].

 

–           Participate with the Ministry of Education in the preparation of training programs for the protection of the environment within the scope of the various curricula in the basic education stage.

 

–           Prepare an annual report on the environmental situation to be submitted to the President of the Republic and the Cabinet, a copy of which shall be deposited at the People’s Assembly.

 

Article 6:

The Board of Directors of the Agency shall be chaired by the Minister in charge of Environmental Affairs and composed of the following members:

 

–           The CEO of the Agency, who shall be the deputy chairman of the Board.

 

–           A representative from each of six ministries selected by the Prime Minister from the ministries concerned with the environment provided the representative of each ministry shall be a high-ranking official selected by the competent minister.

 

–           Two experts in the field of environmental affairs selected by the Minister in charge of Environmental Affairs.

 

–           Three representatives from non-governmental organizations concerned with the environment selected in agreement with the Minister in charge of Environmental Affairs.

 

–           A high-ranking employee of the Environmental Affairs Agency selected by the Minister in charge of Environmental Affairs on the basis of a proposal by the CEO of the Agency.

 

–           The head of the Legal Opinions Department at the Council of State.

 

–           Three representatives from the public business sector selected by the Minister in charge of Environmental Affairs.

 

–           Two representatives from universities and scientific research centers selected by the Minister in charge of Environmental Affairs.

 

Representatives of the ministries concerned shall be invited whenever subjects related to the sectors under their supervision are discussed by the Board. The Board may solicit the assistance of experts having no counted vote in the deliberations when considering specific issues. The Board of Directors may form advisory committees of experts to study certain subjects and may entrust one or more of its members with a specific task.

 

Article 7:

The Agency’s Board of Directors is the supreme authority governing its affairs, running its business and drawing up the general policy it will follow. The Board may adopt whatever resolutions it deems necessary to fulfill the objects for which the Agency was established, within the framework of the national plan and in accordance with the executive regulations of this Law.

 

Article 8:

The Board of Directors shall meet at the invitation of its Chairman at least once every three months or at the request of half of its members. Board Meetings shall be valid if attended by half the number of its members. Resolutions shall be taken by a majority of the voting members attending the meeting. In case of a tie, the Chairman shall have the casting vote.

 

Article 9:

If the Chairman of the Board is absent or cannot attend the meeting he shall be replaced by the deputy Chairman.

 

Article 10:

The Chairman of the Board shall represent the Agency in its relation with third    parties and before the courts.

Article 11:

The CEO of the Agency shall be responsible for the implementation of the general policy adopted to fulfill its objects and for implementing the resolutions of the Board of Directors. The executive regulations of this Law shall determine his other powers.

 

Article 12:

The Agency shall have a Secretary-General appointed from high-ranking Agency employees by a decree of the Minister in charge of Environmental Affairs after consulting the CEO, he shall assist the CEO and work under his supervision.

 

Article 13:

The CEO of the Agency shall have the ministerial powers prescribed in laws and regulations over Agency employees, with regard to whom; the Secretary-General shall have the authority of the head of the sector.

 

Article 13 Bis[13] :

 

  1. a) A supreme committee shall be formed for accreditation and registration, and shall be chaired by the competent Minister of Environmental Affairs. This committee shall be responsible for examining applications for registration in records of practitioners of environmental activities according to their specializations, as well as applications for accrediting experts and consultancy firms in the environmental field according to their qualifications and experience.

The Executive Regulation of this law shall determine branches of specialization, required conditions for accreditation and registration, procedures for recording in the register and issuing accreditation certificates.

 

  1. b) The aforementioned committee shall be formed by a decision from Prime Minister, and shall comprise six members from experts in the field of environment.

 

The Committee shall meet at least once every three months, and its resolutions shall be adopted by majority of its members. This committee shall have a technical secretariat from EEAA’s employees. The competent Minister of Environmental Affairs shall determine its powers by a ministerial decree.

 

 

  1. c) Resolutions of the Supreme Committee shall be final and implemented by EEAA, after payment of L.E. one hundred as fee for issuing a license for practicing environmental activities, and L.E. one thousand for accreditation certificates for experts and consultancy firms.

 

  1. d) It is forbidden for non-licensed or not acquiring accreditation certificates to practice environmental activities set forth in the Executive Regulation of this law.

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION FUND

 

Article 14:

A special fund shall be established in the Agency under the name “the Environment Protection Fund” to which shall devolve:

 

  1. Amounts allocated in the state budget to subsidize the fund.

 

  1. Grants and donations presented by national and foreign organizations and accepted by the Board of Directors of the Agency for the purpose of protecting and promoting the environment.

 

  1. Fines levied and damages awarded or agreed upon for any harm caused to the environment.

 

  1. The financial resources of the protectorates fund provided for in Law 102 of 1983.

 

Amounts collected on a temporary basis on account of fines and damages for harm caused to the environment shall be deposited in the fund and held in trust.

 

The fund shall have a special balance sheet and its fiscal year shall commence and end with that of the state. Any surplus shall be carried over to the following year. The money in this fund shall be deemed public money.

 

Article 15[14]:

The Fund shall have a legal personality and shall be affiliated to the competent Minster for Environmental Affairs. Resources of the Fund shall be allocated to the fulfillment of its objectives. The Fund’s Board of Directors shall be composed by a decision of the Prime Minster and chaired by the competent Minster of Environmental Affairs, and the following shall be members of the Fund:

  • Chief Executive Officer of Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) who shall be the deputy chairman of the Board.
  • Head of the Legal Opinions Department at the State Council.
  • Representative of Ministry of Interior designated by Minster of the Interior.
  • Representative of Ministry of Finance designated by Minister of Finance.
  • Representative of Ministry of Economical Development designated by the competent Minster of Economical Development.
  • Representative of Ministry of International Cooperation designated by competent Minster of International Cooperation.
  • Representative of NGOs concerned with the environment designated by the competent Minster of Environmental Affairs as nominated by the chairman of Public Federation of Non-Governmental Organizations NGOs.
  • A holder of a senior managerial post in the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency designated by the Minster of Environmental Affairs.
  • Director of the Fund who shall be secretary of the Board of Directors.

 

The Fund’s Board of Directors shall meet by an invitation from its chairman at least once every two months or whenever needs be. Meetings of the Board shall be valid with the attendance of its majority members. Its decisions shall be issued by the majority of its members. In case of a tie, the chairman shall have the casting vote.

Representatives of other ministries concerned shall be invited whenever subjects related to the sectors under their supervision are discussed by the board. The board may solicit the assistance of experts, having no counted vote, in the deliberations when considering specific issues.

 

 

Article 16:

The Agency shall lay down the internal regulations of the fund in agreement with the Minister of Finance. All the activities and transactions of the fund shall be subject to the control of the Central Audit Agency.

 

CHAPTER FOUR

INCENTIVES

Article 17:

The agency shall, in collaboration with the Ministry of Finance, establish a system of incentives that the Agency and the competent administrative departments can present to other agencies, establishments, individuals and others for their environmental protection activities or projects.

 

Article 18:

The system of incentives mentioned in the preceding Article shall be submitted to the Board of Directors of EEAA and approved by the Prime Minister.

 

PART ONE

PROTECTION OF LAND ENVIRONMENT

FROM POLLUTION

 

CHAPTER ONE

DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT

 

Article 19[15]:

Every natural or legal person, public or private, shall committed to presenting a study of Environmental Impact Assessment of the establishment or the project to the competent administrative body or the licensing authority before starting implementation thereof. The study shall be carried out in accordance with the elements, designs, specifications, bases and pollutants loads determined by Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA in coordination with the competent administrative bodies. The competent administrative bodies should provide maps of industrial areas clarifying types of the industries allowed depending on environmental loads.

The Executive Regulation of this law shall determine the establishments and projects to which provisions of this article shall apply.

 

Article 20[16]:

The competent administrative authority or the licensing body shall forward the abovementioned Environmental Impact Assessment studies to the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA for consideration. The EEAA may give the body preparing the study suggestions concerning preparations and systems necessary to treat the negative environmental effects and demand implementation thereof. The EEAA may also ask the body to provide all the data, designs or clarifications necessary for consideration of the study. The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA shall have to inform the competent administrative authority or the licensing authority with its consideration within a maximum of 30 days from the date of the receipt or completion of the study or execution of the proposals; otherwise, failing to reply shall mean that study is accepted by the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA. The project shall have to start operation within the period granted by the license; otherwise, the environmental approval shall be considered null and void.

 

Article 21:

The competent administrative authority shall notify the owner of the establishment of the result of the assessment by a registered letter with return receipt requested. The owner of the establishment may object to the result in writing within thirty days of notification before a committee to be formed by a decree of the Minister in charge of Environmental Affairs. The EEAA, the competent administrative authority or the licensing authority and the owner of the establishment shall be represented on the committee. The executive regulations shall determine the functions of the committee as well as its operating and complaint procedures.

 

Article 22[17]:

The official responsible for managing the establishment, according to provisions of this law, shall keep a written record of the impact of his establishment on the environment (Environmental Record).The Executive Regulation shall include a template of the required record and timetable to be kept by the establishments and the data to be entered therein. The EEAA shall follow up these records to ensure their genuineness, take necessary samples and conduct appropriate tests to determine the impact of the establishment activities on the environment and the extent of its compliance with environmental protection standards or the pollutants loads.

If it is transpired that the establishment is not keeping an environmental record, not updating data regularly or is not genuine, or that the establishment is not complying with the aforementioned standards or loads or violating any provision of this Article, the EEAA shall notify the competent administrative authority to demand the establishment’s proprietor to rectify such violation promptly. If he fails to comply within 60 days from the date of his tasking, The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA shall be entitled after notifying the competent administrative authority to taking any of the following measures:

 

  • Granting the establishment fixed additional grace period to rectify violations; otherwise, the EEAA shall have the right to proceed with rectification at the expense of the violating establishment.
  • Halting the violating activity, till the removal of violation traces, without detriment to its workers’ wages. In case of grave environmental hazard, the sources of the hazard should be stopped by all necessary means and measures.

 

Article 23:

Expansions and renovations of existing establishments shall be subject to the same provisions set forth in Articles 19, 20, 21 and 22 of this Law.

 

Article 24:

Environmental monitoring networks with their stations and working units shall be formed, pursuant to the provisions of this Law, and shall undertake, in their respective fields of specialization, to monitor the components and pollutants of the environment on a regular basis and make the results available to the authorities concerned. For the fulfillment of the foregoing, the networks may call on the assistance of research centers and competent authorities which shall furnish the networks with the studies and information they request.  The Agency shall supervise the establishment and operation of the environmental monitoring networks.

 

Article 25:

The Agency shall lay down a contingency plan to deal with environmental disasters which shall be approved by the Cabinet.  The contingency plan will be based in particular on the following:

 

–           Gathering the information available at the national and international levels on ways of confronting environmental disasters and mitigating their harmful effects.

 

–           Identifying the resources available at the national, regional and international levels and determining how they can be deployed to ensure a swift response to the disaster.

 

The contingency plan will include the following:

 

–           Identifying the types of environmental disasters and the agencies responsible for reporting or predicting their occurrence.

 

–           Establishing a central operations room to receive reports of environmental disasters and follow up the transmission of accurate information thereon in order to mobilize the necessary resources to deal with such disasters.

 

–           Forming a task force to follow up the measures taken to confront an actual or predicted environmental disaster.  The leader of the task force shall be vested with all the powers necessary to confront the disaster in cooperation and coordination with the competent authorities.

 

Article 26:

All public and private bodies and all individuals are held to provide prompt assistance and support, upon request, in order to confront the environmental disaster.  The fund referred to in article 14 of this law shall reimburse private bodies and individuals for the actual expenses incurred.

 

Article 27:

An area of not less than one thousand square meters of state-owned land shall be allocated for the establishment of an arboretum for the cultivation of trees in each district and in each village.  The output of these arboreta shall be available to agencies and individuals at cost price.

 

The competent administrative authorities to whom these arboreta are affiliated shall lay down guidelines for the cultivation and protection of these trees.  The EEAA shall participate in financing the establishment of these arboreta.

 

Article 28[18]:

Any of the following acts shall be prohibited:

 

Firstly: Hunting, killing, catching birds and wild animals or marine living organisms; as well as possessing, transporting, importing and exporting or offering to sell such birds and animals, either dead or alive, as a whole, in part or their derivatives, or  practicing activities that tend to  destroy their natural habitats or properties or damage their nests, eggs or their offspring.

The Executive Regulation of this law shall determine species of these creatures and sites to which the provisions of the above mentioned paragraph shall apply.

 

Secondly: Cutting or damaging plants as well as , possessing, transporting, importing and exporting, or offering them to sell as a whole, in part or their derivatives and products thereof, practicing any activities that tend to destroy their natural habitats or change their natural properties or habitats.

The Executive Regulation of this law shall determine species of these plants.

 

Thirdly: Collecting, possessing, transporting, or offering to sell kinds of fauna and flora fossils or changing their features; as well as destroying their distinguished geological formations or environmental features or harming their aesthetic value in the Natural Protected Areas.

 

Fourthly: Trading in all endangered living organisms of fauna and flora species; their breeding or planting in sites other than their natural habitats without obtaining a license from Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA).

 

The Executive Regulation of this law shall determine species of these creatures and license conditions.

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND WASTE

 

 

Article 29:

It is forbidden to displace hazardous substances and waste without a license from the competent administrative authority.  The executive regulations of this Law shall determine the procedures and conditions for granting such a license and the authority competent to issue same.

 

The ministers shall, each in his field of competence, issue in coordination with the Minister of Health and EEAA a table of the hazardous substances and waste referred to in Para one of this article.

 

 

Article 30:

Management of hazardous waste shall be subject to the rules and procedures laid down in the executive regulations of this Law.  The executive regulations shall designate the competent authority, which, after consulting EEAA, will issue the table of hazardous waste to which the provisions of this Law shall apply.

 

Article 31:

It is forbidden to construct any establishment for the treatment of hazardous waste without a license issued by the competent administrative authority after consulting the EEAA.  Disposal of hazardous waste shall be in accordance with the conditions and criteria set forth in the executive regulations of this Law.  The Minister of Housing shall, after consulting with the Ministries of Health and Industry and the EEAA, designate the disposal sites and determine the conditions of the license to dispose of hazardous waste.

 

Article 32:

It is forbidden to import hazardous waste or to allow its introduction into or its passage through Egyptian territories.  It is forbidden without a permit from the competent authority to allow the passage of ships carrying hazardous waste in territorial seas or in the exclusive maritime economic zone of the ARE.

 

 

Article 33:

Those engaged in the production or circulation of hazardous materials, either in gas, liquid or solid form, are held to take all precautions to ensure that no environmental damage shall occur

 

The owner of an establishment whose activities produce hazardous waste pursuant to the provisions of this Law shall be held to keep a register of such waste indicating the method of disposing thereof, and the agencies contracted with to receive the hazardous waste.  The executive regulations shall determine the data to be recorded in the said register and the EEAA shall be responsible for following up the register to ensure its conformity with the facts.

 

The owner of or the person in charge of managing an establishment from which hazardous waste is produced, shall be committed to decontaminating the establishment, the soil and the place where it was set up, in case of moving the establishment or stopping its activity. Decontamination should be done according to standards and conditions provided in the executive regulation of this law[19].

 

 

PART Two

 

protection of Air Environment

From Pollution

 

Article 34:

The site on which a project is established must be suitable for the project activity to ensure that the permissible levels of air pollutants are not overstepped, and that the total pollution emitted by all the establishments in one area is within the permissible levels.

 

The executive regulations of this Law shall determine the establishments subject to its provisions, the authority competent to approve the site and the permissible levels of air pollutants and noise in the area where the establishment is constructed.

 

Article 35:

In carrying out their activities, establishments subject to the provisions of this Law are held to ensure that emissions or leakages of air pollutants do not exceed the maximum levels permitted by laws and decrees in force and determined in the executive regulations of this Law.

 

Article 36[20]:

The use of machines, engines or vehicles that emit exhaust, heavy smoke or noise exceeding limits set by the executive regulations of this law shall be prohibited.

 

Without prejudice to provisions of Traffic Law issued by Law No. 66 for 1973, Police officers of Water Surfaces and Environment , having the capacity of judicial law officers, are legally entitled to stop operation or running of machines, engines, or vehicles as well as withdraw their licenses till causes of violation are removed.

 

Article 37[21]:

  • Open burning of garbage and solid waste shall be absolutely prohibited.
  • The persons responsible for collecting and transporting garbage shall be allowed to throw, sort or treat garbage and solid waste only in the sites designated for such purpose, away from residential, industrial, agricultural areas and waterways. The Executive Regulation of this law shall determine specifications, regulations and the minimum distance of such sites from these areas.
  • Municipal administrative units shall, in agreement with The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA, designate the sites for throwing, sorting and treating of garbage and solid waste according to provisions of this law and its Executive Regulation. These units shall also designate containers or dumps inside cities and villages for collecting and transporting garbage and solid waste and fixing appropriate timing for that; otherwise the responsible person shall be accounted administratively.
  • Throwing garbage and solid waste in places other than such containers and dumps shall be prohibited. Garbage and solid waste collectors and transporters shall maintain cleanliness of garbage containers and transport vehicles. Garbage collection containers should also be tightly covered, and garbage should be collected and transported at suitable intervals provided that the quantity of which shall not exceed the actual capacity of such containers.

 

 

Article 38:

It is prohibited to spray or use pesticides or any other chemical compound for agriculture, public health or other purpose except after observing the conditions, regulations and safety measures laid down in the executive regulations of this Law and in a manner that will not expose humans, animals, plants, waterways and other components of the environment, directly or indirectly, now or in future, to the harmful effects of such pesticides or chemical compounds.

 

Article 39:

All organizations and individuals shall be held, when carrying out exploration, excavation, construction or demolition works or when transporting the resultant waste or debris, to take the necessary precautions to secure the safe storage or transportation thereof to prevent loose particles from escaping into the air, in accordance with the provisions of the executive regulations.

 

Article 40:

It is mandatory when burning any type of fuel or otherwise, whether for industrial, energy production, construction or other commercial purpose, that the harmful smoke, gases, and vapors resulting from the combustion process are within the permissible limits.  The person responsible for such activity shall be held to take all precautions necessary to minimize the pollutants in the combustion products. The executive regulations of this Law shall define such precautions as well as the permissible limits and the specifications of chimneys and other means of controlling the emission of the smoke, gases, and vapors resulting from the combustion process.

 

Article 41:

All organizations undertaking activities in the field of exploration, drilling, extraction and production of crude oil, its refining and processing shall observe the regulations and procedures set forth in the Law and its executive regulations which are derived from principles governing the international petroleum industry as provided by the competent administrative authority.

And he shall be committed to safely getting ride of remains of drilling oil wells, according to the provisions of this law and its Executive Regulations[22].

 

Article 42[23]:

All entities and individuals shall be committed, when carrying out production, service, or other activities, particularly operating machinery and equipment or using sirens and loudspeakers, to keeping the volume below the sound level permissible.

 

Licensing authorities shall ensure that the total amount of noise produced by fixed and mobile sources in one area shall be within the permissible levels and that the establishment selects the appropriate machinery and equipment.

The Executive Regulation of this law shall define the permissible levels of noise and periods of exposure thereto.

 

Article 43:

The owner of an establishment is held to take all precautions and procedures necessary to prevent the leakage or emission of air pollutants inside the work premises except within the permissible limits as defined by the executive regulations of this Law, whether they result from the nature of the establishment activities or from malfunctioning equipment. He has to provide the necessary protective measures for workers in accordance with the conditions of occupational safety and health, including choosing the appropriate machinery, equipment, material and fuel, taking into account the period of exposure to these pollutants.  He must also ensure adequate ventilation and install chimneys and other air purification devices.

 

Article 44:

The owner of an establishment shall take the necessary procedures to maintain temperature and humidity inside the work-place within the permissible limits.  In cases where it is necessary to work beyond these limits, he shall be held to secure appropriate protective measures for the workers, whether by providing them with special clothing or otherwise.  The executive regulations of this Law shall set the maximum and minimum limits of temperature and humidity and the duration of exposure thereto as well as the protective measures.

 

Article 45:

Closed and semi-closed public places must have adequate ventilation facilities consistent with the size of the place and its assimilative capacity as well as with the type of activity exercised therein to ensure renewal and purity of the air and maintain it at a suitable temperature.

Article 46:

The director in charge of the establishment must take adequate measures to prevent smoking in closed public places except within the permissible limits specified in the license issued for such establishments.  In such case, a special area shall be reserved for smokers in such a way as not to affect the air in other areas.

 

Smoking is prohibited in means of public transport.

 

Article 47:

The level of radioactivity or concentration of radioactive substances in the air shall not exceed the permissible limits as determined by the competent authorities in accordance with the executive regulations of this Law.

Article 47 Bis[24]:

 

Trading illicitly in Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS), using them in industry, importing or possessing them in violation of the organizing laws, ministerial decrees and international conventions that the Arab Republic of Egypt is party thereto shall be forbidden.

 

Article 47 Bis-1[25]:

 

A supreme council for the protection of the river Nile and waterways from pollution shall be established  within the  Premiership, and shall chaired by the Prime Minister with membership of relevant ministers: (Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation, Minister of Environmental Affairs, Minister of Health, Minister of Industry, Minister of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Minister of Local Development, Minister of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities, Minister of Tourism and River Transportation Authority)

The council shall take the necessary procedures to protect the river Nile and water ways from pollution. The powers of this council shall be specified by Prime Minister’s Decree. The council shall meet at least once every three months to follow up conditions of the Nile.

 

PART Three

Protection of Water Environment

From Pollution

 

Chapter One

Pollution From Ships

Section One

Oil Pollution

 

Article 48:

The aim of protecting the water environment from pollution is to achieve the following objectives:

  1. To protect the coasts and ports of the Arab Republic of Egypt from the risks of pollution in all its forms and shapes.

 

b-      To protect the environment of the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone and their living or non-living natural resources by preventing, controlling and reducing pollution from any source.

 

  • To protect the natural resources in the economic zone and the continental shelf.
  • To compensate any natural or juridical person for any injury they sustain from the pollution of the water environment.
  • The Integrated Environmental Management of Coastal Zones that ensures management of its resources to achieve sustainable development[26].

 

The Minister competent of Environmental Affairs, in coordination with relevant authorities, shall fulfill the aforementioned objectives, as well as objectives of the Integrated Environmental Management of Costal Zones[27].

 

Article 49:

Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt.

 

Military ships or support naval vessels of the Arab Republic of Egypt and other ships owned or operated by the state or by public authorities which are used in non-commercial governmental service and which are not subject to the provisions of the Convention shall take all necessary precautions to prevent pollution of the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt.

Article 50:

 

Ships registered in the Arab Republic of Egypt are forbidden to discharge oily or oil mixtures into the sea, in accordance with the Convention and international agreements to which the Arab Republic of Egypt adheres.

 

Article 51:

Foreign oil tankers calling at Egyptian ports must comply with all the requirements of Rule 13 of Annex 1 of the Convention as amended.

 

Oil tankers used in short voyages are exempt from these requirements pursuant to Rule 13c of the Convention as amended, as are oil tankers navigating the Suez Canal which are not obliged to discharge unclean ballast water.

 

Article 52:

National and foreign companies and organizations licensed to explore, extract or exploit off-shore oil fields and other marine natural resources, including oil transport facilities, are forbidden to discharge any polluting substances resulting from drilling, exploration, testing of wells or production in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic or Egypt.  They are held to use safe measures not liable to harm the water environment and to treat any discharged waste or polluting substance according to the available technical methods and in accordance with the regulations of international conventions.

 

Article 53:

Without prejudice to the provisions of Law 79 of 1961 concerning marine disasters and shipwrecks, representatives of the competent administrative authority or judicial officers vested with the power to effect seizures shall be entitled to order the captain or the person in charge of the ship to take appropriate protection measures against the effects of pollution in the event of an accident involving a ship carrying an oil cargo which may pollute the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt.

 

Article 54:

The penalties prescribed in this Law shall not apply to cases of pollution resulting from:

 

a-            Securing the safety of a ship or the lives of those on board.

 

b-            Discharge resulting from damage to a ship or its equipment, provided such damage was not caused by the master or the person in charge to disable or destroy the ship or as a result of negligence.  In all cases, the master of the ship or the person in charge thereof must have taken before and after the occurrence of damage all necessary precautions to prevent or reduce the effects of pollution and must have immediately notified the competent administrative authority.

 

c-            A sudden break in the pipeline carrying oil or oily mixtures during the operating, drilling, exploring or testing of oil wells, without any negligence in supervising or maintaining the pipelines, provided sufficient precautions to supervise the operation of the pipeline and immediate measures to control the pollution and its sources have been taken.

 

This shall be without prejudice to the right of the competent authority to recover the costs of removing the effects of pollution from the party responsible therefor and to claim damages for losses incurred and injuries sustained by reason of such pollution.

 

Article 55:

The owner of the ship, its master or any person responsible therefor and those responsible for means of oil transport within the port areas or the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the ARE and the companies working in the field of oil extraction are held to notify the competent administrative authorities of any oil spill immediately on its occurrence, with a description of the circumstances of the accident, the type of oil involved and the measures taken to stop or reduce the spill and such other information as determined in the Convention and the executive regulations of this Law.

 

In all cases, the competent administrative authorities are held to notify the EEAA of all particulars concerning the incident promptly on its occurrence.

 

Article 56:

All loading ports, ports equipped to receive oil tankers and all dockyards must be fitted out with the necessary equipment to receive unclean ballast water and the bilge wager from cleaning the tanks of oil tankers and other ships.

 

Ports must be equipped with enough barges and containers to receive the deposits, residues, and waste of oil and oily mixtures from ships docked in port.

 

No ship or tanker may be licensed to carry out loading and unloading works except after referring to the competent administrative authority which will receive and direct it to the locations for the disposal of waste and unclean ballast water.

 

Article 57:

The competent minister shall determine the tools and equipment for reducing pollution with which all ships registered in ARE or off-shore platforms installed in the water environment must be fitted out.

Foreign ships calling at Egyptian ports or passing through their littoral zones must be fitted out with pollution reducing equipment in accordance with the provisions of the Convention and its annexes.

Article 58:

 

Owners or masters of ships registered in the ARE as well as of ships pertaining to the states adhering to the Convention are held to keep a register of the oil on board in which shall be entered all operations relating to oil in the manner determined in the Convention, and in particular the following operations:

 

a-          Loading, delivery or other oil cargo transport operations, while designating the type of oil.

 

b-          Discharge of oil or oily mixture to secure the safety of the ship or its cargo or to save lives, while designating the type of oil.

 

c-           Oil or oily mixture spills as a result of a collision or accident, while indicating the size of the spill.

 

d-          Discharge of unclean ballast water or of bilge water from cleaning the tanks.

 

  1. Disposal of polluting waste.

 

  1. Discharge of machinery space bilges, containing the oil collected within the machinery space, outside the ship while in port.

 

The executive regulations shall determine the means of recording the processes of discharging oil or oily mixture, in respect of off-shore platforms installed in the water environment.

 

Article 59:

Without prejudice to the provisions of the International Convention on Civil Liability for Injuries Resulting from Oil Pollution Accidents signed in Brussels in 1969 as amended, all oil tankers whose total tonnage amounts to 2,000 tons or more and which are registered in ARE, and other oil transport equipment whose total tonnage amounts to 150 tons or more operating in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of ARE, are held to present a financial guarantee certificate in the form of insurance or indemnity bond or any other form of guarantee to the competent administrative authority in accordance with the guidelines laid down in a decree from the Minister of Maritime Transport in agreement with the Minister of Petroleum and the Minister for Environmental Affairs.

 

The guarantee certificate must be presented when the tanker enters the territorial sea and shall be valid and cover all damages and compensation as assessed by the competent administrative authority.

 

With regard to ships registered in a country adhering to the International Convention on Civil Liability for Injuries Resulting from Oil Pollution Accidents, such certificate shall be issued from the competent authority in the country where the ship is registered.

 

Section Two

Pollution by Harmful Substances

 

Article 60:

It is prohibited for tankers carrying harmful liquid substances to discharge any harmful substances, waste or deposits intentionally or unintentionally, directly or indirectly, resulting in harm to the water environment or public health or to other legitimate uses of the sea.  It is also prohibited for ships carrying harmful substances in receptacles, cisterns portable tanks or land or railroad containers to dispose of such substances in the territorial sea or in the exclusive economic zone of ARE.

 

It is prohibited to throw dead animals in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of ARE.

 

Article 61:

All loading and unloading ports equipped to receive the tankers referred to in the first paragraph of the previous article, as well as all dockyards, shall be fitted out with adequate facilities to receive the harmful liquid substances and their wastes.

 

Article 62:

Tankers carrying harmful liquid substances must be provided with a cargo register pursuant to the Convention, in which the master of the ship or the person responsible for it shall record all operations as stated in the Convention.

 

Article 63:

Representatives of the competent administrative authority and the judicial officers vested with the power to effect seizures shall have the authority to order the ship’s master or the person responsible for it to take the necessary measures to reduce the effects of pollution in the event of an accident to any ship carrying harmful substances that may pollute the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the ARE in any way. Ships carrying harmful substances are forbidden to dump polluting substances and waste in the continental shelf or the exclusive economic zone of ARE.

 

Article 64:

The provisions of Article 54 of this Law shall apply to cases of pollution resulting from measures taken to save lives on board or to save the ship itself from harm.

 

Article 65:

The ship’s master or the responsible person is held to implement all the conditions stated in Rule 8 of Annex 2 of the Convention.

 

 

Section Three

Pollution from Sewage and Garbage

 

Article 66:

Ships and off-shore platforms are prohibited from discharging their polluted waste-water in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the ARE. It must be disposed of according to the criteria and procedures laid down in the executive regulations of this Law.

 

Article 67:

All ships and off-shore platforms working in the field of exploration and exploitation of natural and mineral resources in the water environment of the ARE as well as ships calling at Egyptian ports, are forbidden to dispose of their garbage in the territorial sea or in the exclusive economic zone.  Ships are held to deliver garbage to the reception facilities or to places designated by the competent administrative authority for fees to be fixed by a decree of the competent Minister.

 

Article 68:

All loading and unloading ports, all ports equipped to receive ships and all stable or floating dockyards must be fitted out with the necessary and adequate facilities to receive polluted waste water and garbage from ships.

 

CHAPTER TWO

POLLUTION FROM LAND BASED SOURCES

Article 69:    

t is prohibited for all establishments, including public places and commercial, industrial, touristic and service establishments, to discharge or throw any untreated substances, wastes or liquids which may cause pollution along the Egyptian sea shores or adjoining waters either directly or indirectly, intentionally or unintentionally.  Each day of such prohibited discharge shall be considered as a separate violation.

 

 

Article 70:

No building permits shall be granted for establishments or public places on or near the sea shore, which would result in the discharge of polluting substances in violation of the provisions of this Law and the decrees issued in implementation thereof unless the applicant for such permit conducts environmental impact studies and undertakes to provide waste treatment units and to operate them as soon as the establishment commences work.

Article 71:

The executive regulations of this Law shall define the specifications and criteria which must be observed by industrial establishments allowed to discharge degradable polluted substances after they have been treated.  The administrative authority, specified in the said executive regulations, shall conduct periodic analysis of samples of the treated liquid waste in its laboratories and notify the competent administrative authorities of the results.  In case of violations, the party concerned shall be granted a grace period of one month to treat the waste and render it compatible with the said specifications and standards.  If treatment is not completed within the grace period as aforesaid or if the tests carried out during such period prove that continued discharge would result in severe harm to the water environment, discharge shall be halted by administrative means and the establishment license shall be revoked without prejudice to the penalties prescribed in this Law.  In addition, the executive regulations shall specify the non-degradable polluting substances which industrial establishments are prohibited from discharging in the water environment.

 

Article 72[28]:

Taking into consideration provisions of Article (96) of this law, the person in charge of managing the establishments, mentioned in Article (69) of this law, discharging in the water environment, shall be held responsible for any acts committed by his employees in violation of provisions of the said article, if his full knowledge of such violation is proven and if the crimes was committed due to negligence of his duties, in which case he shall be penalized as per Article (84 Bis) of this law.

 

 

Article 73[29]:

It is prohibited to construct any establishment within 200 meters of the Egyptian coast lines without the agreement of EEAA and the competent administrative authority.  The executive regulations of this Law shall lay down the procedures and conditions to be followed in this connection.

Article 74[30]:

It is prohibited to take any measures that may affect the natural coast line or alter its configuration either inwards or outwards, without the agreement of EEAA and the competent authority.  The executive regulations of this law shall regulate the procedures and conditions to be followed in this connection.

Article 75[31]:

The representatives of the concerned administrative authorities shall be entitled, each within its scope of competence, to enter the exclusion zones referred to in articles 73 and 74 of this Law in order to inspect works being carried out therein. If they discover that works contrary to the foregoing provisions are being executed or are intended to be executed, the violator shall be ordered to restore matters to their original state otherwise the works will be halted administratively and matters restored to their original state at the expense of the violator and the beneficiary jointly. Payment shall be collected by means of administrative attachment.

 

CHAPTER THREE

INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATES

 

Article 76:

Egyptian ships are held to obtain from the Ports and Lighthouse Department the international oil pollution prevention certificate or the international certificate for the prevention of pollution resulting from cargoes of harmful liquid substances in bulk.  The issuance of the said certificates shall be in accordance with the provisions and conditions set forth in the Convention and the validity of the certificate shall not exceed five years from the date of its issuance.

Article 77:

All ships regularly carrying oil to or from Egyptian ports or from other oil transportation means within the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of ARE and which fly the flag of a state that is a signatory of the Convention must carry the international oil pollution prevention certificate which should be valid according to the Convention.

 

With regard to ships subject to the provisions of para 1 of this Article and flying the flag of a state that does not adhere to the Convention, the Minister of Maritime Transport shall determine the oil pollution prevention certificate that will be granted by the Ports and Lighthouse Department before licensing such ships to carry oil on a regular basis from an Egyptian port or from one of the means of oil transport within the exclusive economic zone.

CHAPTER FOUR

ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES

 

 

Article 78:

Representatives of competent administrative authorities and consular officials abroad shall be deemed judicial law officers vested with the power to effect seizures in respect of the application of the provisions of Part Three of this Law.  The Minister of Justice in agreement with the competent ministers can vest other officials with this capacity according to the needs for implementing this Law and in compliance with the rules of International Law.

Article 79:

The judicial officers referred to in the preceding article are authorized in case of violation, and if the ship’s master or the person responsible therefore wishes to leave the port immediately, to collect sums of money on a temporary basis pending settlement of the fines imposed and the damages awarded pursuant to the provisions of Part Four of this Law, provided the amount so collected shall not be less than the minimum prescribed for the violation in addition to all expenses and damages determined by the competent administrative authority to remove the effects of the violation.

 

A financial guarantee covering the value of these amounts and accepted by the competent administrative authority may be presented, without prejudice to the provisions of the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution signed in Brussels in 1969.

 

Article 80:

Without prejudice to the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the officers referred to in article 78 shall be entitled to board ships and off-shore platforms, and to enter establishments built on the shore and inspect the means used to transport oil and marine polluting substances to ensure compliance with the provisions of this Law and the decrees issued in implementation thereof as well as the availability of waste treatment equipment.

 

The competent administrative authority shall issue its decision on what it regards as necessary for the protection of the marine environment in the light of the results of this procedure.  The party concerned can object to this decision before the appeals committee mentioned in article 81 of this Law within fifteen days from the date of his notification thereof.  Such objection shall not result in suspending implementation of the decision unless the said committee issues a decision to suspend its implementation until the settlement of the dispute.

 

Article 81:

The minister concerned, as designated by the executive regulations of this Law shall issue a decree for the formation of the appeals committee.  The committee shall be located within the working area of the port or in a nearby administrative authority and shall consist of the following members:

–           A counselor from the State Council – Chairman.

–           Representative of EEAA.

–           Representative of the Ports and Lighthouses Department

–           Representative of the Ministry of Defense.

–           Representative of the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Wealth.

 

–           Representative of the competent administrative authority within the scope of whose activities the violation occurred.

 

The committee may solicit the advice of one or more experts in the field of water environment.  The function of this committee shall be to settle administrative disputes arising from the implementation of the provisions of Part Three of this Law.  The committee shall issue its decision, after hearing both parties, by a majority decision of members present and in case of a tie, the chairman shall have the casting vote. The parties concerned may challenge the committee’s decision before the Administrative Court of the State Council.

 

Article 82:

Every master or user of a ship calling at the Egyptian ports or licensed to operate in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of ARE should provide the representatives of the competent administrative authority or the judicial officers responsible for implementing the provisions of this Law with the facilities required to perform their functions.

 

Article 83:

The competent administrative authorities may request assistance from the ministries of defense, interior, petroleum, and mineral resources, as well as from the Suez Canal Authority or any other competent agency, in implementing the provisions of Part Three of this Law according to the conditions laid down in the decree of the competent Minister.

 

Article 83 Bis[32]:

Any violation of this law shall be considered expeditiously.

PART FOUR PENALTIES

Article 84[33]:

Without prejudice to any more severe penalty prescribed in another law, any person violating provisions of Article (28) of this law shall be subject to imprisonment and/or a fine of not less than L.E. five thousand and not more than L.E. fifty thousand.

 

In all cases, the court shall order confiscation of seized birds, animals, living organisms, plants and fossils, as well as machinery , weapons, equipment , means of transportation used in committing the crime.

 

Article 84 Bis[34]:

 

Penalties for violating provisions of Articles 22, 37(item a), 69 of this law shall be imprisonment for a period of not more than one year and/or a fine of not less than L.E. five thousand and not more than L.E. one hundred thousand.

 

Whoever violates provisions of Articles 19, 23 of this law shall be fined a sum of not less than L.E. fifty thousand and not more than L.E. one million.

 

In case of recidivism the minimum and maximum sum of the fine shall be doubled, and the maximum period of imprisonment shall be doubled.

 

In addition to the previous original penalties, there may be a sentence of closing down the establishment, cancellation of the issued license or suspension of the violating activity.

 

Article 84 Bis-1[35]:

 

Whoever violates the provisions of Article (13 Bis) (item d) of this law shall be fined a sum of not less than L.E. ten thousand and not more than L.E. one hundred thousand.

In addition to the abovementioned penalty, there may be a sentence of closing down the consultancy firm that practices consulting services without acquiring the Accreditation Certificate referred to in Article (13 Bis) of this law.

 

Article 85:

Whoever violates the provisions of Articles 30, 31 and 33 of this Law shall be imprisoned for a period of not less than one year and/or fined ten thousand to twenty thousand Egyptian Pounds.

 

Article 86:

Whoever violates the provisions of article 36 of this Law shall be fined a sum of not less than two hundred Egyptian Pounds and not more than three hundred Egyptian Pounds.  As to violations of the provisions of article 39 of this Law, these shall be punishable by a fine of not less than five hundred Egyptian Pounds and not more than one thousand Egyptian Pounds.  The court may order the suspension of the license for a period of not less than one week and not more than six months, and in case of recidivism, the court may revoke the license.

 

Article 87[36]:

Whoever violates provisions of Article (42, first paragraph)of this law shall be fined a sum not less than L.E. five hundred and not more than L.E. two thousand; in addition to confiscating the machinery and equipment used in the violation.

Whoever violates provisions of Articles 35, 37 (items b and d), 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46 (first paragraph), 47 Bis of this law, shall be fined a sum not less than L.E. one thousand and not more than L.E. twenty thousand.

In case of recidivism, the fines provided in the two preceding paragraphs shall be doubled.

Whoever violates provision of the second paragraph of Article 46 of this law shall be fined a sum of not less than L.E. fifty and not more than L.E. one hundred.

 

Article 88:

Any person who violates the provisions of articles 29, 32, and 47 of the present Law shall be punished by imprisonment for a term of not less than five years and a fine of twenty thousand Egyptian Pounds to forty thousand Egyptian Pounds. Whoever violates the provisions of Article 32 shall be held to re-export the hazardous wastes subject of the crime at his own expense.

 

Article 89:

Any person who violates the provisions of article 2, the last paragraph of article 3, or articles 4, 5, and 7 of Law No. 48 of 1982 concerning the protection of the River Nile and waterways from pollution, and of the decrees issued in implementation thereof shall be fined a sum of not less than two hundred Egyptian Pounds and not more than twenty thousand Egyptian Pounds.

 

In case of recidivism, the penalty shall be both imprisonment and the fine provided for in the previous paragraph.

 

In all cases, the violator shall be held to remove or rectify the violating works by the date determined by the Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.  If the violating works are not removed or rectified by the due date, the Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources shall have the right to take procedures to remove or rectify the violation by administrative means, at the expense of the violator, without prejudice to the right of the Ministry to revoke the license.

 

Article 90[37]:

Whoever commits one of the following offenses shall be fined a sum of not less than L.E. three hundred thousand and not more than L.E. one million:

 

1- Discharging or disposing oil or oily mixtures or harmful substances in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone in violation of Articles (49) and (60) of this law.

 

2- Failing to comply with the required treatment of the discharged waste and polluting substances discharged, or failing to use safe procedures that prevent damage to the marine environment in violation of provisions of Article (52) of this law.

 

3- Deliberate disposal or dumping, in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone, of ships or parts thereof, as well as industrial installations, polluting substances or garbage whatever their sources might be.

In case of recidivism, the penalty shall be both imprisonment and the fine provided for in the preceding paragraph of this Article.

In all cases, the violator shall be committed to removing the effects of the violation within the deadline determined by the competent administrative authority; otherwise, the administrative authority shall proceed with the removal at his own expense.

 

Article 91[38]:

A penalty of imprisonment and / or a fine of not less than L.E. three hundred thousand and not more than L.E. one million, together with the violator’s commitment to pay expenses of removing the effects of such violation, as prescribed by the authorities commissioned to effect removal, shall be imposed on any one violating provisions of Article 54-b, if unloading resulting from damage to the ship or its equipment is carried out in order to delay or damage the ship or is due to negligence.

The fine shall be doubled in case of recidivism and the Executive Regulation of this law shall lay down parameters for determining costs of removing the violation effects in reference to the pollution extent and the environmental consequences arising from violation of this Article.

Article 92:

Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be fined a sum of not less than seventy thousand Egyptian Pounds and not more than three hundred thousand Egyptian Pounds:

 

  1. Fails to fit out a foreign ship using Egyptian ports or navigating through the special marine area with pollution control equipment, in violation of article 57 of this Law.

 

  1. Fails to take the necessary precautions to prevent or reduce the effects of pollution before and after the occurrence of damage to the ship or to its equipment or fails to promptly notify the competent administrative authority of the discharge resulting from damage to the ship or to its equipment in violation of the provisions of article 54-b of this Law.

 

  1. Fails to promptly notify the competent administrative authority of any oil spill, the circumstances in which it occurred, the nature and percentage of the substance discharged and the measures taken, in violation of the provisions of article 55 of this Law.

 

The fine shall be doubled in case of recidivism in respect of item (1), while the repetition of the violations mentioned in items (2) and (3) shall be punished by imprisonment and/or a fine of not less than three hundred thousand Egyptian Pounds and not more than five hundred thousand Egyptian Pounds.

 

In all cases, the violator shall be held to remove the effects of the violation within the time frame determined by the competent administrative authority, otherwise the administrative authority shall proceed with their removal at the expense of the violator.

 

Article 93:

Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be fined a sum of not less than forty thousand Egyptian Pounds and not more than two hundred thousand Egyptian Pounds:

 

  1. Loading and unloading works by ships or tankers without having a license from the competent administrative authority in violation of the provisions of article 56 of this Law.

 

  1. Failure of the ship or the tanker to keep the certificates and registers stipulated in articles 58, 62, 76 and 77 of this Law.

 

  1. Discharges polluted waste-water or throws garbage from ships in violation of the provisions of articles 66 and 67 of this Law.

 

  1. The penalty shall be a fine of not less than L.E. one hundred thousand and not more than L.E. five hundred thousand, to be imposed on any one violating provisions of Article (50) of this law, if any ship registered in the Arab Republic of Egypt discharges or dispose  oil or oily mixtures into the sea[39].

 

Article 94:

Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be fined a sum of not less than forty thousand Egyptian Pounds and not more than one hundred and fifty thousand Egyptian Pounds:

 

  1. Fails to fit out the ships registered in ARE with the instruments and equipment necessary to reduce pollution in violation of the provisions of article 57 of this Law.

 

  1. Contravenes the orders of the inspectors of the competent administrative authority or the judicial officers in case of an accident to a ship carrying oil or harmful substances pursuant to the provisions of articles 53 and 63 of this Law.

 

Article 94 Bis [40]:

A penalty of imprisonment and/or a fine of not less than L.E. one million and not more than L.E. five million shall be imposed on any one dump hazardous wastes in the territorial sea, exclusive economic zone or continental shelf, as well as violator shall be held to pay expenses of removing the effects of such violation and the required environmental compensations.

 

Article 95:

Whoever intentionally violates the provisions of this Law shall be punished by imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years if such violation results in causing a permanent incurable disability to an individual.  The penalty shall be imprisonment if the violation results in causing this infirmity to three or more persons.

 

If the violation results in the death of a person, the penalty shall be temporary hard labor, and if it results in the death of three persons or more the penalty shall be permanent hard labor.

 

Article 96:

The ship’s master or the person responsible therefore and the parties to contracts for the exploration, extraction and exploitation of marine oil fields and other natural resources including oil transport facilities as well as the owners of the establishments mentioned in article 69 of this Law shall be jointly liable, each within his scope of competence, for any harm that befalls any natural or juridical person as a result of a violation of the provisions of this Law as well as for payment of imposed fines and the expenses of removing the effects of such violations.

 

Article 97:

The penalties stipulated in the previous articles shall be imposed on all ships of all nationalities and types including those belonging to states not bound by the Convention if they discharge oil or oily mixtures or commit prohibited dumping or submerging in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the ARE.

 

Article 98:

Whoever violates provisions of Articles (73, 74) of this law shall be punished by imprisonment for a period of not more than six months and/or a fine of not less than L.E. five thousand and not more than L.E. fifty thousand[41] .

 

The court may not order a stay of execution of the fine, and in all cases, the violating works must be halted and removed by administrative means at the expense of the violator and the machinery, equipment and materials used in these works shall be seized without awaiting a court sentence. In case of conviction, such machinery and equipment shall be confiscated.

 

Article 99:

Jurisdiction over the crimes referred to in this Law shall lie with the court within the circumscription of which any such crime is committed, if it is committed by the ships referred to in article 97 within the territorial waters of the ARE or in the exclusive economic zone.  The court shall rule on the case expeditiously.

 

Jurisdiction over the crimes committed outside the two areas mentioned in this article shall lie with the court within the circumscription of which the port in which the ship flying the Egyptian flag is registered.

 

Article 100:

Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 79, the competent administrative authority may take legal procedures to detain any ship which fails to pay the instant fines and/or in the summary cases stipulated in the said article.

Such detention shall be lifted if due payments are made or an unconditional financial guarantee accepted by the competent administrative authority is presented.

 

Article 101:

The imposition of the penalties stipulated in this Law shall be without prejudice to the imposition of any more severe penalty prescribed in another law.

 

FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 102:

Without prejudice to the provisions of article 78 of this Law, the employees of the EEAA and its branches in the governorates designated by a decree of the Minister of Justice in agreement with the Minister in charge of Environmental Affairs shall have the capacity of judicial officers vested with the power to effect seizures in proving the commission of crimes in violation of the provisions of this Law or the decrees issued in implementation thereof.

 

Article 103:

Every citizen and organization concerned with the protection of the environment shall have the right to report any violation of the provisions of this Law.

 

Article 104:

Inspectors of administrative authorities concerned as well as the inspectors of the Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) who have the capacity of judicial officers in matters relating to the environment shall be held, each in his field of competence, to report to the authority to which they belong any violation of the provisions of this Law and the authorities concerned shall then take the necessary legal procedures.

[1] The official Journal-issue No. 5 on 3/2/1994

[2]  Shall be abbreviated as EEAA.

[3] Substituted by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[4] Substituted by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[5] Substituted by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[6] Added by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[7] Substituted by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[8] Substituted by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[9] Added  by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[10] Added  by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[11] Substituted by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[12] Substituted by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[13]Added  by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[14] Substituted   by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[15] Substituted   by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[16] Substituted   by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[17] Substituted   by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[18] Substituted   by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[19]Added  by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[20] Substituted   by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[21] Substituted   by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[22] Added   by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[23] Substituted   by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[24] Added   by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[25] Added   by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[26] Added   by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[27] Substituted  by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[28] Substituted  by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[29] Substituted  by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[30] Substituted  by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[31] Substituted  by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[32] Added   by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[33] Substituted   by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[34] Added   by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[35] Added   by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[36] Substituted    by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[37] Substituted    by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[38] Substituted    by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[39] Substituted    by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[40] Added  by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

[41] Substituted   by Law No.9/2009 issued in the official Journal- issue No.(9-Bis) on 1/3/2009

In the name of the people,
the President of the Republic,
the House of Representatives decided the following law, and we have issued it:

Article (1):
In applying the provisions of this law, the following words and phrases shall have the meaning indicated
next to each of them:
The competent minister: The Prime Minister.
Green hydrogen: hydrogen produced from the electrolysis of
desalinated water based on renewable energy.
Green hydrogen derivatives: final products that depend in their production
on green hydrogen, such as green ammonia and green methanol.
Renewable energies: natural forms of energy that are inexhaustible and can
be used to produce electricity.
Developer: The legal person who wishes to implement one or more projects
to produce green hydrogen and its derivatives.
Project Company: The joint-stock company established by the developer in accordance with
existing legislation at the time the provisions of this law come into effect for the purpose of implementing one or more
green hydrogen production projects and its derivatives.
Project agreements: Contracts for green hydrogen production projects and its derivatives
concluded by the project company with administrative authorities with jurisdiction or companies affiliated with the state
responsible for managing public facilities.
Future expansions: Adding new assets will increase
the project’s production capacity

Article (2):
As an exception to the provisions of the Law on Special Economic Zones promulgated
by Law No. 83 of 2002, and the Investment Law promulgated by Law No. 72
of 2017, the provisions of this law apply to projects for the production of green hydrogen
and its derivatives for which project agreements are concluded within five years from The date
of implementation of this law, which is represented in the following:
1 – Factories producing green hydrogen and its derivatives.
2 – Desalinated water production stations that allocate no less than (95%) of
their production for use in the production of green hydrogen and its derivatives.
3 – Electrical energy production stations from renewable energy sources, which
allocate no less than (95%) of their production to feed factories. Production of green hydrogen
and its derivatives and desalinated water production stations referred to in clauses (1 and 2)
of this paragraph.
4 – Projects whose activity is limited to transporting, storing or distributing
green hydrogen and its derivatives produced within the Arab Republic of Egypt.
5 – Projects whose activity is limited, in a way Directly, on the manufacture of production requirements
or inputs necessary for the factories referred to in Clause (1) of this paragraph, for which
a decision is issued by the Council of Ministers based on the proposal of the competent minister and after taking the opinion of the minister
concerned with electricity and renewable energy affairs and the Minister of Finance.
Without prejudice to the provisions of the fourth paragraph. From Article (3) of this law,
its provisions apply to future expansions of the projects stipulated in the first paragraph
of this article.

Article (3):
The developer shall establish one or more of the company’s activities in accordance with the legislation regulating that,
and without prejudice to the rules regulating each activity.
The project to produce green hydrogen and its derivatives will be implemented under
the project agreements in accordance with the legislation regulating that.
The future expansions of this project will be implemented according to an additional agreement attached to
the project agreements after the approval of the Council of Ministers, and after taking the opinion of the Minister concerned with
electricity and renewable energy affairs and the jurisdiction of the land.
Projects for the production of green hydrogen and its derivatives and their future expansions will enjoy
the incentives stipulated in this law throughout the validity period of the project agreements, provided that
the project agreements for expansion are concluded within seven years from the date of the start of commercial operation
of the project.

Article (4):
Projects for the production of green hydrogen and its derivatives and their expansions are granted the following incentives:
1 – A cash investment incentive called the “Green Hydrogen Incentive” of no less than
(33%) and no more than (55%) of the value of the tax paid with the tax declaration on
The income generated from directing activity in the project or its expansions, as the case may be, and
the Ministry of Finance is committed to disbursing this incentive within forty-five days from the end of the deadline specified
for submitting the tax return. Otherwise, it will be entitled to a delay fee calculated on the basis of the
credit and discount rates announced by the Central Bank on January 1. Prior to
the incentive due date, this incentive is not considered taxable income. The categories of
the aforementioned incentive and the controls for granting it shall be determined by a decision from the Council of Ministers, based on the proposal of the
competent minister after taking the opinion of the Minister of Finance.
With the exception of passenger cars,
equipment and tools are exempt from value-added tax Machinery, equipment, raw materials, supplies, and necessary means of transportation necessary
to carry out the licensed activity for green hydrogen production projects and its derivatives.
3 – Exports from green hydrogen production projects and its derivatives are subject to
zero percent value-added tax.
It is also permissible, by a decision of the competent minister, after the approval of the Council of Ministers, to exempt projects
for the production of green hydrogen and its derivatives from the tax on built real estate due
on the real estate actually used in those projects, and from the stamp tax and documentation and
registration fees due on contracts for establishing companies and establishments and contracts for
credit facilities and mortgages related to them. Land registration contracts necessary to establish projects to produce
green hydrogen and its derivatives, and from the customs tax due on all imports
necessary to establish projects to produce green hydrogen and its derivatives, except for passenger cars.

Article (5):
Projects for the production of green hydrogen and its derivatives and their expansions, in addition to
the incentives stipulated in Article (4) of this law, are granted the following incentives:
1 – The project company obtains a single approval in accordance with the regulations contained in the
aforementioned investment law.
2 – Without prejudice to the provisions of the laws And the regulations and decisions regulating imports.
The project company has the right to import, on its own or through others, what it needs for its establishment
, expansion, or operation, including raw materials, production requirements, machines, spare parts
, and means of transportation appropriate to the nature of its activity, without the need to register them in the importers’ register.
It also has the right To export its products, personally or through an intermediary, without a license and without the need to register them
in the exporters’ register.
The project company has the right to employ foreign workers within a percentage of (30%)
of the total number of its employees, during the first ten years from the date of signing
the project agreements.
4 – Allowing the establishment of departments. Special customs duties for the project’s exports or imports in agreement
with the Minister of Finance.
5 – The project company will be granted a reduction of 30% of the value of fees and categories for
the use of seaports and maritime transport and for the services provided to ships in
Egyptian seaports, and for the use of fixed and floating equipment and facilities
belonging to agencies. Seaports, the Maritime Safety Authority, liquid bulk activities and
ship bunkering, and in exchange for electronic services provided by Egyptian seaports administrations.
6 – The project company is granted a reduction of (25%) from the value of the usufruct right
of industrial lands designated for the establishment of a factory for the production of green hydrogen and its derivatives,
and (20%) of the usufruct right of lands of storage warehouses in ports,
without prejudice to the annual increases in return for the usufruct right of contracts. Usufruct and licenses, while
adhering to any other regulatory rules established by the authority having jurisdiction over the lands.
7 – Granting a grace period for payment of the right to usufruct the industrial and storage lands
of the project and its expansions allocated by the authorities having jurisdiction over the land,
so that payment begins from the date of commercial operation of the project, without accounting. Any interest
or fines
8 – The terms of the licenses required to implement green hydrogen production projects
and its derivatives are the same as the terms of the usufruct of the project lands.

Article (6):
In order for projects to produce green hydrogen and its derivatives and their expansions to be granted the incentives
prescribed under this law, the following conditions must be met:
1 – Commercial operation of the project must begin within five years from the date of concluding
the project agreements.
2 – That the project or its expansions, as the case may be, depend for its financing on
foreign exchange financed from abroad at a rate of no less than (70%) of its investment cost.
3 – That the project is committed to using locally manufactured components necessary for its implementation
whenever they are available in the local market and at a minimum percentage. (20%) of the project components.
4 – That the project contributes to the transfer and localization of modern and advanced technology and techniques
to Egypt, with a commitment to developing and implementing training programs for Egyptian workers.
5 – That the project company commits to developing a plan for the development of the local areas in which it operates
through the implementation of rules Social responsibility in accordance with the provisions of Article (15) of the
aforementioned Investment Law.
The Council of Ministers, based on the proposal of the competent minister, and after taking the opinion of the Minister
concerned with electricity and renewable energy affairs and the Minister of Finance, shall issue a decision regarding the necessary controls
to verify the availability of the conditions stipulated in this law.

Article (7):
The competent minister or his authorized representative shall issue the necessary certificate to enjoy the incentives stipulated
in this law.
This certificate is considered final and effective on its own without the need for approval from other parties,
and all parties must act in accordance with it and abide by the data contained therein.

Article (8):
This law shall be published in the Official Gazette, and shall be effective from the day following
the date of its publication.
This law shall be stamped with the seal of the state, and enforced as one of its laws .
Issued by the Presidency of the Republic on Rajab 15, 1445 AH
(corresponding to January 27, 2024 AD).
Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi

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